浙江中医院 艾滋病,浙江中医院违规操作致5名患者被感染艾滋，你

1，浙江中医院违规操作致5名患者被感染艾滋，你怎么看？

舞茸β-葡聚糖对HIV（艾滋病）病人的效果Effects of Maitake (Grifola frondosa) gulcan in HIV-infected patients【摘要翻译】 为评估一种从舞茸中提取的β-葡聚糖MD-Fraction（舞茸D-fraction）对艾滋病（HIV）感染病人的效果，进行了长期的实验。参与实验的HIV感染者被跟踪监测CD4+ 细胞计数，病毒载量，艾滋病感染症状，继发病状况，以及健康状态。20位患者的CD4+细胞计数增加到原来的1.4-1.8倍，8位患者降低到原来的0.8-0.5倍。9位病人的病毒载量增加，10位降低。尽管如此，85%的受试者对于HIV引起的症状和继发病的感觉变好，这表明舞茸D-fraction对于艾滋病HIV患者具有积极的影响。关键词： 抗HIV活性，CD4+细胞，舞茸，IL-2，MD-Fraction注：CD4+细胞是人体免疫系统中的一种重要免疫细胞，由于艾滋病病毒攻击对象是CD4+细胞，所以其检测结果对艾滋病治疗效果的判断和对患者免疫功能的判断有重要作用。【论文原文】 Effects of Maitake (Grifola frondosa) gulcan in HIV-infected patients Hiroaki Nanba1)*, Noriko Kodama1), Douglas Schar 2) and Denise Turner 2)1)Department of Microbial Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, kobe 658-8558, Japan2)Herbal Clinical Research, 140 Columbia Road, London E2 7RG, U.K.The effects of MD-Fraction, a β-glucan extracted from Maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa)， on the health status of individuals suffering from HIV infection were evaluated in a long-term trial. The HIV status of the 35 respondents who participated in the study was followed by monitoring CD4+ cell counts, viral load measure, sympotoms of HIV infection, status of secondary disease, and sense of well-being. Twenty patients reported to increase in CD4+ cell counts to 1.4-1.8 times, and 8 patients reported a decrease to 0.8-0.5 times. Viral load was reported to increase in 9 patients and decrease in 10 patients. However, 85% of respondents reported an increased sense of well-being with regard to various symptoms and secondary diseases caused by HIV. These results suggest that Maitake D-Fraction had a positive impact in HIV patients.Key Words : anti-HIV activity; CD4+ cell; Grifola frondosa (Maitake); IL-2; MD-FractionAcquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by HIV infection, which attacks helper T cells (CD4+ cells) and decreases the body’s immunity. In 1991, we studied the effect of a Grifola frondosa S.F. Gray (Maitake) extract, named MD-Fraction on HIV, which is believed to be a cause of AIDS. Sulfated MD-Fraction was found to prevent HIV from killing helper T (CD4+) cells: almost 100% of CD4+ cells survived challenge by HIV at concentrations of sulfated MD-Fraction of around 1 pg/ml, and the results were presented in an abstract paper at the 8th International AIDS conference in Amsterdam in July 1992. National Institute of Health and National Cancer Institute in U.S.A. also confirmed the anti-HIV activity of the sulfated form of MD-Fraction. NCI doctors have recognized that the sulfated MD-Fraction is the most effective among all anti-HIV polysaccharides known to date and is as powerful as the drug azidothymidine (AZT). However, the sulfated MD-Fraction has the strong side-effect of toxicity to cells in vivo. On the other hand, we have reported that a β1,6-glucan having a β 1,3-branched chain (named MD-Fraction) can enhance immunocompent cell activities (Hishida et al., 1988; Nanba et al., 1987; Nanba et al., 1993).In this paper, we report that Maitake appears to work on several levels in HIV conditions, by (a) direct inhibition of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), (b) stimulation of the body’s own natural defense system against HIV, and (c) making the body less vulnerable to opportunistic disease.Materials and Methods：Preparation of Maitake tablets Tablets containing 250 mg of dried Maitake powder(φ200 μm) and 5 mg of vitamin C were prepared with a tabloid machine.Preparation of MD-Fraction Dried Maitake powder (500 g) was autclaved with 3,000 ml of distilled water at 120℃ for 60 min, and the water-soluble layer obtained was saturated with the same volume of ethanol at 4℃ for 12 h. After removal of floating material, this ethanol solution was saturated to 80% with ethanol and stored at 4℃ for 10 h. The pellet obtained by centrifugation at 5,000×g for 20 min was suspended in a small volume of distilled water and protein was removed by passage through a DEAE-cellulofine column (4×80cm). Finally 1 g of purified MD-Fraction was prepared.Detection of virions The HIV genome is known to have nine genes, three expressing structural protein and six expressing regulating protein. Anti-HIV-Env antibody was produced in blood from 10 wk to 12 yr after HIV infection. The coagulation test of antigen was performed with HIV-Env antibody collected from blood. Viral loads were counted in 50-μl portions of patients’ serum.Detection of interleukin-2 (IL-2) Production of IL-2 in blood was detected with IL-2 ELISA Kit Intertest-2X (Genzyme Co. U.S.A.)Counting of CD4+ cells and CD8+ cells CD4+ cells were counted by flow cytometric analysis after treatment of 10 μl of blood with CD4+- monoclonal antibody (Cytovax Biotechologies Inc.) The count of CD8+ cells was obtained by subtracting the CD4+ cell count from the total count of T cells determined by flow cytometric analysis.Administration of Maitake A supply of Maitake was given to each HIV carrier at a dose level of 6 g of tablets or 20mg of purified MD-Fraction together with 4 g of tablets per day for 360d.Results：The main focus in monitoring the progress of HIV disease is CD4+ cells (helper T cells). The normal range of CD4+ cell count is 500-1,200 cells/10μl of blood. A level of 200-500 cells indicates that some damage has occured. Below 200 cells, the individual is highly susceptible to secondary diseases. An elevated viral load indicates an increased risk of damage to CD4+ cells. The significance of these activities in regard to HIV infection relates to the immune system. Both IL-2 and interferon are activated by the immune system response to infection by viral disease. After administration of Maitake tablets for 12 mo to 35 respondents (24 in England and 11 in U.S.A.), 20 responders reported an increase in CD4+ cell counts and 8 reported a decrease , as shown in Table 1. Nine respondents reported an increase in viral load, 10 reported a decrease and 2 patients reported static, Typical individual results were as follows.Patient A The initial CD4+ count of 90 cells rose as high as 460 cells (average CD4+ count: 355) in the study period, but viral load was undetected throughout. Previous symptoms were Kaposi’s sarcoma, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and allergic conjunctivitis, all of which resolved and remained controlled during study period. The patient consistently reported feeling very well and energy levels much improved.Patient B The initial CD4+ count of 400 cells rose to 620 cells after the treatment. The viral load of 15,200 copies/ml in CD4+ cells decreased to 5,000 copies/ml. IL-2 production was also increased 3.1 times by Maitake treatment. Previous symptoms were Kaposi’s sarcoma, verrucae, anal warts, anal herpes, diarrhea, chest infections, and fatigue. Following the study period, when the patient received 6 g of Maitake tablets together with 20mg of MD-Fraction per day, Kaposi’s sarcoma became static, verrucae and anal warts were resolved, and other symptoms became intermittent.Patient C The initial CD4+ count of 510 cells showed little change at 500 cells after the study, but the viral load of 60,000 copies/ml in CD4+ cell decreased to 1,000 copies/ml. The patient had day and night sweats, bouts of colds, mucous membrane irritation and fatigue as previous symptoms, but after the course of Maitake all symptoms were resolved. In particular, a direct effect on the sweats was observed.Patient D The initial CD4+ count of 425 rose to 680 counts (average 513.3) during the study. The viral load of 20,000 copies/ml increased to 93,000 copies/ml, but skin, oral, and gastric Candida, catarrh, irritable bowel, and aching muscles as previous symptoms were all improved by Maitake.Patient E The initial CD4+ count of 17 cells decreased to 7 cells during the study, while the viral load of 55,000 copies/ml increased to 62,000 copies/ml. AIDS, oral Candida, and wasting disease as previous symptoms persisted despite the treatment with Maitake. The CD4+ cell counts and HIV viral loads of other patients who received Maitake for 1 yr are shown in Tables 2 and 3. It is known that long infection period of HIV makes seriously symptoms and secondary disease. Therefore, as shown in Tables 4 and 5, we examined that these symptoms and diseases were improved by Maitake treatment. Symptoms depends on HIV infection, such as weight loss, hair loss, night sweat, fever, dry cough and leg pain, were improved by Maitake almost in 50% of patients (as Table 4), also secondary diseases, such as toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, herps, kaposi’s sarcoma and mycopathy, were cured in 40-50% of patients. Table 6 indicates that the percentage of patients reporting changes in symptoms and sense of well-being following treatment.Discussion ：The MD-Fraction exhibited an enhancing effect on CD4+ cells, the target cells of HIV, upon oral administration in animals (Hishida et al., 1988). Even though it was a non-controlled trial, this clinical study indicated that MD-Fraction and Maitake powder were effective in patients with breast cancer, lung cancer, or liver cancer. These human tests suggest that the active ingredients of Maitake have significant healing and preventative potential in HIV-responders by stimulating the immune system. The present study indicates that when MD-Fraction and Maitake enhanced the activities of immuno-competent cells such as macrophages, cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) or helper T cell (CD4+), the HIV in CD4+ cells was directly killed or its multiplication was suppressed. However, even if these cellular activities were increased by MD-Fraction, HIV in CD4+ cells of AIDS patients did not decrease. All of the results shown here indicate that there is evidence to support a more structured investigation in to the potential benefits of Maitake and MD-Fraction in the treatment of HIV infection. The results also indicate that this trial study needs to be done on a larger scales, as many questions remain unanswered.Literature cited：Hishida I., Nanba H. And Kuroda H. 1988. Anti-tumor activity exhibited by oral administered extract from fruit body of Grifola frondosa (Maitake). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 36:1819-1827.Nanba H., Hamaguchi A. and Kuroda H. 1987. The chemical structure of an anti-tumorpolysaccharide in fruit bodies of Grifola frondosa (Maitake). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 35: 1162-1168.Nanba H. and George S. R. 1993. Effects of Maitake (Grifola frondosa) for HIV-positive or fibroid tumor patients. 113th Congr. Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, Osaka, Japan, March 29-31, p.212.Nanba H.1993. Anti-tumor activity of orally administered D-Fraction from Maitake mushroom Grifola frondosa. J Naturopath. Med. 4: 10-15.

2，如何看待最近浙江中医院的医疗事故

2月3日、12日，李斌先后主持召开专题会议，指出医疗安全关系群众生命健康，容不得半点麻痹疏忽。要本着对人民健康高度负责的态度，高度重视事件处置工作，加强对当地的指导和督促，组织专家细化诊疗方案，尽最大努力减少伤害。对负有责任的单位和人员绝不姑息，依法依规严肃处理和问责。并要求举一反三，正视问题，进一步加强全国医疗机构内部管理，严密制度，狠抓落实，严格规范操作。 具体情况： 国家卫生计生委高度重视浙江省中医院医源性艾滋病病毒感染事件。接报后，国家卫生计生委主任李斌等负责同志立即批示责成当地了解情况，查清原因，对患者迅速进行检测，及时采取应中国预防措施，全力进行阻断和诊治，对责任人依法依规严肃处理。 专家认为，事件发生的主要原因是个别医疗机构及医务人员医疗安全意识缺失，医院感染防控管理制度不健全、制度规范落实不力，没有严格遵守技术规范和标准化操作规程开展诊疗工作。应当进一步落实医疗机构主体责任，完善管理机制，加强安全隐患排查，加大全员培训教育力度，切实保障患者健康权益。同时，国家卫生计生委办公厅和国家中医药局办公室分别向全国印发了《关于进一步加强医疗安全管理和风险防范工作的通知》。 2月7日，国家卫生计生委召开由全国各省、市、县三级卫生计生委相关工作负责同志和全国二级以上医院院长参加的视频会议进行部署。要求各级卫生计生行政部门和医疗机构切实提高医疗安全意识，深刻汲取教训，落实医疗安全质量主体责任，加强制度建设，突出管理重点，进一步加强医疗安全管理和风险防范工作。各级卫生计生行政部门和办医主体要切实履行监管职责，建立医疗安全责任追究机制，加大监管工作力度。同时，开展医疗安全专项整顿活动，针对质量、安全和服务中存在的突出问题和薄弱环节，全面整顿质量安全风险并持续改进，切实保障人民群众健康。

3，浙江医生违规致5人染艾滋案如何宣判？

此前备受社会关注的“浙江省中医院一医生违规操作，致5名患者感染艾滋病”一事近日有最新进展。相关刑事判决书显示，涉事医生在操作过程中严重违反“一人一管一抛弃”的职业规定，致使5人感染了HIV病毒（其中两人已怀孕）。对此，杭州市上城区人民法院于2017年12月12日判决涉事医生犯医疗事故罪，判处有期徒刑2年6个月。2017年1月，浙江省中医院被曝“一医生操作不当，致使患者感染艾滋病”一事引发舆论关注。据浙江省卫计委2017年2月9日通报，当年1月26日下午，该委接到浙江省中医院报告，该院一位技术人员在某次技术操作中严重违反规程，该次操作涉及的治疗者可能存在感染艾滋病病毒风险。事发后，有关部门已对浙江省中医院相关责任人做出严肃处理：免去院长的行政职务和党委副书记职务，给予党内严重警告处分；免去党委书记的党内职务和副院长的行政职务；撤销分管副院长职务，免去其党委委员并给予党内严重警告处分；撤销检验科主任职务；免去医务部主任职务；免去院感科科长职务。直接责任人以涉嫌医疗事故罪由公安机关立案侦查，并已采取刑事强制措施。鉴于赵金方犯罪后自动投案，并如实供述自己的罪行，有自首情节，且认罪悔罪，可予从轻处罚，对辩护人所提的相应意见予以采纳。但辩护人以赵金方主观上系出于侥幸为由要求从轻的意见，审理认为，正因为医疗事故罪主观方面系由过失构成，刑法规定了相对轻缓的刑罚，再以过失为由要求从轻处罚显然于法无据，故不予支持。据此，杭州市上城区人民法院于2017年12月12日一审判处被告人赵金方犯医疗事故罪，判处有期徒刑2年6个月。来源： 北青网

4，3个礼拜去三级甲医院检查艾滋，结果阴，梅毒阴，血液正常，请问艾滋几率多高

以目前的检测水平，一般把艾滋的窗口期定为六周，六周后检测准确率99.9%。
建议高危后6周-3个月到当地三甲医院皮肤科或疾控中心做收费或免费艾滋病毒筛查，6周基本准确，3个月完全准确。

梅毒的潜伏期是2到4周；检测抗体的窗口期一般认为是2到6周。
高危两周检测基本准确，六周后检测完全准确。

高危后，三周检测梅毒阴基本可以排除。
三周检测艾滋阴还不靠谱，最好六周后再检测。

5，如何看待浙江重大医疗事故致多人感染艾滋病

浙江省卫计委通报，1月26日下午，该省卫计委接到浙江省中医院报告，该院一名技术人员违反“一人一管一抛弃”操作规程，在操作中重复使用吸管造成交叉污染，导致部分治疗者感染艾滋病病毒，造成重大医疗事故。经疾控机构检测，确诊5例。目前，有关部门已对省中医院相关责任人做出严肃处理。直接责任人以涉嫌医疗事故罪，由公安机关启动立案侦查，并已采取刑事强制措施。
浙江医院人员违规操作5人感染艾滋病！1月26日，浙江中医院一名技术人员违反“一人一管一抛弃”操作规程，在操作中重复使用吸管造成交叉污染，导致部分治疗者感染艾滋病病毒，造成重大医疗事故。经疾控机构检测，确诊5例。目前公安机关已立案侦查。
通报全文如下：
1月26日下午，我委接到浙江省中医院报告，因该院一位技术人员在某次技术操作中严重违反规程，该次操作涉及的治疗者可能存在感染艾滋病病毒风险。
我委对此高度重视，迅速成立调查处置领导小组及专家工作组，立即组织有关单位和专家开展调查和处置工作，紧中国对涉及的全部治疗者进行血液筛查，并启动相关责任人调查追责工作。
经查，此次传染源为一名治疗者在治疗过程中因个人原因在医院外感染艾滋病病毒，浙江省中医院一名技术人员违反“一人一管一抛弃”操作规程，在操作中重复使用吸管造成交叉污染，导致部分治疗者感染艾滋病病毒，造成重大医疗事故。经疾控机构检测，确诊5例。












省委、省政府高度重视，主要领导对此事多次做出指示批示，要求本着对人民健康高度负责的态度，全力做好感染者治疗、关怀等工作，依法依规严肃查处责任人。
我委已组织专家根据感染者具体情况采取了规范化治疗和相应的干预措施，并责成有关单位全力做好感染者的关怀和赔偿等后续工作。同时，举一反三，在全省范围内开展医疗安全大排查，认真检查和严格规范医疗操作管理，坚决防止类似事件发生。
目前，有关部门已对省中医院相关责任人做出严肃处理：免去院长的行政职务和党委副书记职务，给予党内严重警告处分；免去党委书记的党内职务和副院长的行政职务；撤销分管副院长职务，免去其党委委员并给予党内严重警告处分；撤销检验科主任职务；免去医务部主任职务；免去院感科科长职务。
直接责任人以涉嫌医疗事故罪，由公安机关立案侦查，并已采取刑事强制措施。
中国友评论：
薛之谦的小逗比：毁了人家的一生啊[伤心]
蓝胖子小羊羊：这名技术人员可以枪毙么
Jessie君君_：省中医？！大医院啊！我靠！！！
张小荢荢：责任感哪里去了！害人害己啊
被流放的文艺犯：这几个人回家在和老婆嘿咻一下，老婆恰好又有情人，没准不止一个，情人再和情人的老婆嘿咻一下，情人的老婆没准还有情人……如此一来，想想好可怕。
艺生L：哎，苦的是无辜的人，那人枪毙了，也就完了，那些受伤害的人可是一辈子的事！
osoo9
：
同样为技术人员，虽然拿着不高的工资，但在工作中我无愧于心，坚决不偷懒，因为我知道我的工作关乎一个家庭的幸福和别人的性命。
FERNUCL
：
我觉得技术人员是背锅的
彭冉-1992：这比杀人都严重，毁灭的是五个家庭。
啊树树树树树树树：技术人员千刀万剐都死不足惜！还有我想说，有的gay自己在gay圈滥交就算了，还来祸害女性？骗婚的垃圾都死吧！
焱的妮妮：恐怖呀！花钱去看病，结果要送命！
酒煮核弹头
：
感觉应该不止这一家医院有这种行为，应该好好整顿

6，重庆一八旬婆婆被医院误诊患艾滋病，你如何看待这件事？

返回重庆一八旬婆婆被医院误诊患艾滋病。这是一起严重的医疗事故。一个八十岁的太太竟然之医院别误诊了。而且医院还给诊断出了艾滋病。这件事情本身就很荒唐。老人一家是一个完全地受害者。老人那么的年龄本来是因为腿受伤而去医院治疗腿的。可是医院直接告诉老太太得了艾滋病。这个老太太的心理造成了极大的创伤。老太太自己也觉得很丢人。甚至都没有脸面去面对自己的子女和亲人了。这也给老人的家庭造成了困扰。老太太的女儿听说消息后急忙回到重庆来看望母亲。他曾经多次咨询医生。可是医生告诉他们这就是真的。老人女儿被逼无奈也只能接受这个事实。她还怀着沉重的心理负担托人买了一些治疗艾滋病的药物。老太太的房东听说这件事之后，还要把老太太赶出家门。这也让老太太一家感觉到很难过。后来经过调查之后，原来是医院误诊了。可是这个时候这件事情已经给老太太一家造成了很大的心理困扰和生活上的困难。医院却又在百般地推卸责任。医院却说诊疗单上说得很清楚，具体测验结果需要一周后才能确定。可是当时的医生却没有告知这个事情。医院有着很先进的医疗设备和专业的医生。医生就应该有着一个专业负责的态度。我们要认真负责地对待每一个病人。特别是一些特殊的病人更需要医生来负责。我们要尽力在确认化验结果之后再告诉家属。这件事情明显就是医院的错。我们既然已经知道是误诊了。我们就要坦然地承认自己的恶错误。我们要努力把这件事情的不良影响减到最低。我们要j尽力补偿患者的损失。这才是我们应该有的态度。

7，艾滋针的专家说法

艾滋病病毒离开人体后存活时间很短，特别是暴露在空气当中的时候。假设一个针头染了艾滋病病毒，让它暴露在外面，病毒也活不了多久，要传给人就更难了。事实上，艾滋病毒生命力很弱，只能存活于血液中，离开人体十几分钟甚至几分钟后就会因血液凝固而死亡。因此，这种用针头扎人的“艾滋针”很难传播艾滋病毒。如碰到类似情况，应及时到医院冲洗伤口，24小时内服用抗艾药物，感染的几率在千分之三的基础上还可降低70%至80%。 艾滋病病毒在人体内有3个月的窗口期，有的也会长达6个月。在这6个月期间，艾滋病毒接触者必须每个月做一次艾滋病毒检测，如果均呈阴性，则说明没有感染。

8，最近听说有一种叫《阴滋病》是经过唾液跟血液传播是不是真的有这种病例？

有此病！但不是通过唾液传播，而是通过“网络传播”，因为：此病并不是“病毒感染”而是“对艾滋病恐惧所造成的‘癔病’”。 1、所谓的“阴性艾滋病”，这个名词不是医学界定的，而是一些“认为有艾滋病症状，但艾滋病检查却是阴性的人”定的名词。 ——在最近网上流行着一些“病人”，这些病人身体表现出“一系列类似艾滋病症状，但经很多次艾滋病检查，均是阴性”，但这些病人总不相信，总认为有“检测不到的艾滋病病毒”，所以，就定了一个“阴滋病”，意思说“艾滋病检查为阴性的艾滋病”。 ——但实际上，这些“病人的类似艾滋病症状”实际上是一种“神经官能症”（就是当一种病有“潜意识恐惧”时，就会将身体的一些本来轻病或不是某种疾病的症状时，就会“套上某种疾病”，一段时间后，身体的这些症状就会“越来越象某种疾病”，医学上也称“癔病”），而不是“真的艾滋病”， 2、关于“神经官能症”的发病机理目前也是相当清楚的： （1）人体有一个非常奇妙的神经，叫“迷走神经”，此神经是调节人体内脏及各种功能的状态； （2）当一个人对某种疾病有“很恐惧”时，就会在一个人的潜意识中形成一种“强印象”，处处都在“提防此病”； （3）人在一个月中，或多或少都会有一些“常见病”（如感冒、发热、腹泻、消化不良、精神状态不好等等），这种常见病在普通人来讲，几乎每个月都会出现1-2次； （4）但是，这些“常见病症状”对于一些对艾滋病有“高度恐惧”的人，往往就会“往艾滋病方向”去想、去套标准，并“对症状套病”，或在书上看到艾滋病的症状，或在网上看到一些艾滋病 的症状，然后就会“对着艾滋病的症状”看看“自己目前出现的症状”，然后就“越想越象”、“越象越害怕”。 ——在这种“高度恐惧中套病”，迷走神经就会出现一种“类似症状”，你想什么病，就会莫名其妙地出现这个病的症状（实际上就是“之前套出来的症状”）。——这就是“神经官能症”（或“癔病”）。 3、目前这些所谓的“阴滋病”，经过医学检查，实际上并不是艾滋病，理由也非常充分： （1）目前艾滋病并没有变异，国际上对艾滋病病毒的监测已经超过20年之久，并没有发现有变异亚种，目前的检测手段仍然是有效的，即目前的诊断是准确的，并无误诊； （2）目前这些所谓的“阴滋病”病人中，据这些病人说，症状出现的时间有的长达三年，而如果真的是艾滋病，那么这些人至少有一部分人早就已经死亡，但实际上，并没有一例死亡。 （3）这些所谓的“阴滋病”病人，其症状基本都是“轻症”（如发热、消化不良、消瘦等），并没有出现“艾滋病特有的一些症状”，如：“卡氏肉瘤”、“恶性肿瘤”等。